Lynd
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5.7. Testable predictions of Orch OR – current status
Orch OR involves numerous fairly specific and essentially falsifiable hypotheses. In 1998 twenty testable predictions of Orch OR in 9 general categories were published [15]. They are reviewed here with our comments on their current status in italics.
Neuronal microtubules are directly necessary for cognition and consciousness
1.
Synaptic plasticity correlates with cytoskeletal architecture/activities. The current status of this is unclear, although microtubule networks do appear to define and regulate synapses.
2.
Actions of psychoactive drugs, including antidepressants, involve neuronal microtubules. This indeed appears to be the case. Fluoxitene (Prozac) acts through microtubules[167]; anesthetics also act through MTs[86].
3.
Neuronal microtubule stabilizing/protecting drugs may prove useful in Alzheimerʼs disease. There is now some evidence that this may be so; for example, MT-stabilizer epithilone is being tested in this way[168].
Microtubules communicate by cooperative dynamics
4.
Coherent gigahertz excitations will be found in microtubules. Indeed; in some remarkable new research, Anirban Bandyopadhyayʼs group has found coherent gigahertz, megahertz and kilohertz excitations in single MTs [88] and [89].
5.
Dynamic microtubule vibrations correlate with cellular activity. Evidence on this issue is not yet clear, although mechanical megahertz vibrations (ultrasound) do appear to stimulate neurons and enhance mood[127].
6.
Stable microtubule patterns correlate with memory. The evidence concerning memory encoding in MTs remains unclear, though synaptic messengers CaMKII and PkMz do act through MTs. Each CaMKII may encode (by phosphorylation) 6 information bits to 6 tubulins in a microtubule lattice.
7.
‘EPR-like’ non-local correlation between separated microtubules. This is not at all clear, but such things are very hard to establish (or refute) experimentally. Bandyopadhyayʼs group is testing for ‘wireless’ resonance transfer between separated MTs[142].
Quantum coherence occurs in microtubules
8.
Phases of quantum coherence will be detected in microtubules. There appears to be some striking evidence for effects of this general nature in Bandyopadhyayʼs recent results [88] and [89], differing hugely from classical expectations, where electrical resistance drops dramatically, at certain very specific frequencies, in a largely-temperature independent and length-independent way.
9.
Cortical dendrites contain largely ‘A-lattice’, compared to B-lattice, microtubules. Although there is some contrary evidence to this assertion, the actual situation remains unclear. Orch OR has been criticized because mouse brain microtubules are predominantly B lattice MTs. However these same mouse brain MTs are partially A-lattice configuration, and other research shows mixed A and B lattice MTs [156], [157] and [158]. Bandyopadhyay has preliminary evidence that MTs can shift between A- and B-lattice configurations[142], and A-lattices may be specific for quantum processes. Orch OR could also utilize B lattices, although apparently not as efficiently as A-lattice. In any case, A-lattice MTs could well be fairly rare, specific for quantum effects, and sufficient for Orch OR since the A-lattice may be needed only in a fraction of MTs in dendrites and soma, and perhaps only transiently.
10.
Coherent photons will be detected from microtubules. A positive piece of evidence in this direction is the detection of gigahertz excitations in MTs by Bandyopadhyayʼs group, which may be interpreted as coherent photons [88] and [89].
Microtubule quantum coherence is protected by actin gelation
11.
Dendritic–somatic microtubules are intermittently surrounded by tight actin gel. This is perhaps a moot point, now, in view of recent results by Bandyopadhyayʼs group, as it now appears that coherence occurs at warm temperature without actin gel.
12.
Cycles of actin gelation and solution correlate with electrophysiology, e.g. gamma synchrony EEG. Again, this now appears to be a moot point, for the same reason as above.
13.
Sol–gel cycles are mediated by calcium ion flux from synaptic inputs. No clear evidence, but again a moot point.
Macroscopic quantum coherence occurs among hundreds of thousands of neurons and glia inter-connected by gap junctions
Gap junctions between glia and neurons have not been found, but gap junction interneurons interweave the entire cortex.
14.
Electrotonic gap junctions synchronize neurons. Gap junction interneurons do appear to mediate gamma synchrony EEG [49], [50], [51], [52], [53] and [54].
15.
Quantum tunneling occurs across gap junctions. As yet untested.
16.
Quantum correlations between microtubules in different neurons occurs via gap junctions. As yet untested. However Bandyopadhyay has preliminary evidence that spatially separated MTs, perhaps even in different neurons, become entangled in terms of their BC resonances[142], so gap junctions may be unnecessary for Orch OR.
The amount of neural tissue involved in a conscious event is inversely related to the event time byτ≈ℏ/EG
17.
Functional imaging and electrophysiology will show perception and response time shorter with more neural mass involved. As a ‘prediction’ of Orch OR, the status of this is not very clear; moreover it is very hard to provide any clear estimate of the neural mass that is involved in a ‘perception’. As a related issue, there does appear to be evidence for some kind of scale-invariance in neurophysiological processes (Section3.2 [76] and [77]).
An unperturbed isolated quantum state self-collapses (OR) according toτ≈ℏ/EG
18.
Technological quantum superpositions will be shown to undergo OR by τ≈ℏ/EG. Various experiments are being developed which should supply an answer to this fundamental question[108], but they appear to remain several years away from being able to achieve firm conclusions.
Microtubule-based cilia/centrioles are quantum optical devices
19.
Microtubule-based cilia in retinal rod and cone cells detect photon quantum information. This appears to be untested, so far.
A critical degree of microtubule activity enabled consciousness during evolution
20.
Fossils will show organisms from early Cambrian (540 million years ago), had sufficient microtubule capacity for OR by τ≈ℏ/EG of less than a minute, perhaps resulting in rudimentary Orch OR, consciousness and the ‘Cambrian evolutionary explosion’. It is clearly hard to know an answer to this one, particularly because the level of consciousness in extinct creatures would be almost impossible to determine. However present day organisms looking remarkably like early Cambrian creatures (actinosphaerum, nematodes) are known to have over 109tubulins[56].
